where it usually goes wrong
the six that cost
the most marks
the central dogma
transcription and translation, and what the ribosome is actually reading. mutations make sense once the reading frame does.
cellular respiration
glycolysis, the krebs cycle, the electron transport chain. what matters is what carries the electrons and where the atp comes from, not memorising every intermediate.
mitosis against meiosis
one makes copies, one makes variety. crossing over and independent assortment are where the variety comes from.
genetics problems
punnett squares work until linkage, sex linkage or a pedigree shows up. then it is probability with a diagram attached.
membrane transport
passive, active, and why a cell spends atp to move something against a gradient.
evolution
selection, drift, gene flow and mutation are four different forces. the exam question usually turns on telling them apart.
what to post
a photo of the problem, or a sentence about where you got stuck. set the deadline and attach anything that matters — the sheet, your working, the slides.
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